Atlatl hunting wisconsin. Today is the seventh installment of these .
Atlatl hunting wisconsin. Is atlatl hunting legal in all Texas counties? While atlatl hunting is legal in Texas, specific regulations may vary Apr 20, 2023 · This implies to me that he didn’t have an effective hook/nock system – and that may be why he misunderstood how the atlatl works. Commercial excavations in the Grand Gulch country of southeastern Utah by the such as the Wetherill brothers Sep 22, 2022 · Poe learned how to use atlatls from Dawn Wagner, who was the first modern Missouri woman to take deer with ancient hunting tool in 2017. Today, the atlatl is used for sports ranging from target shooting, to hunting and fishing. Jan 9, 2001 · In Wisconsin, the atlatl is not yet recognized as an effective hunting tool. The Atla Aug 31, 2025 · The atlatl, an ancient projectile weapon, often raises questions about its legality for ownership and hunting. Some societies still use the Atlatl to this day, others used it alongside the bow while other societies stopped using the Atlatl after they developed bows. Today is the seventh installment of these Jun 20, 2019 · Cool post, ZAP- I did a lot of research on atlatls as a youth. The weather in Wisconsin during late October is very unpredictable. Spring energy pushes the dart itself away from the atlatl and launches it at velocities that easily ex-ceed 100 miles per hour. We source our dart stock from local Oak trees, hand-selecting them for straightness. The atlatl is an ancient weapon that is as effective today as it was thousands of years ago. Introduction: An atlatl is a dart (or small spear)-throwing tool designed to increase distance and accuracy for hunting or warfare. I have so many videos that have great pieces of hunting information that I cannot list them all, but these are great instructional videos worth watching. The next step will be the Wisconsin Legislature. These Atlatl Tutorials are both for the construction and the use of the atlatl and atlatl components. Dec 2, 2019 · Some other fun facts: Bow and arrow hunting has been dated to at least 70,000 years ago in South Africa but was not used by humans outside of African until about 15,000 – 20,000 years ago. State Hunting laws concerning the atlatl and dart " Fieldwalker ", a member of the PaleoPlanet Message Board, wrote to the Department of Natural Resources (or other relevant department) in all 50 states to see if the atlatl was a legal hunting weapon in that state. They made elaborate tools such as bone fishhooks State Hunting laws concerning the atlatl and dart " Fieldwalker ", a member of the PaleoPlanet Message Board, wrote to the Department of Natural Resources (or other relevant department) in all 50 states to see if the atlatl was a legal hunting weapon in that state. May 1, 2025 · Native American Atlatl: Ancient Spear-Thrower Craft Readers, have you ever wondered about the ingenious hunting tools used by Native American cultures for centuries? The answer lies in the remarkable atlatl, a sophisticated spear-thrower that significantly extended hunting range and effectiveness. 2. Atlatl hunting system and elements. Jan 11, 2017 · Hunting with an atlatl. Dec 6, 2024 · The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) encourages deer hunters to take advantage of late-season hunting opportunities. Here we will provide you only interesting content, which you will like very much. This article will delve into the fascinating world of atlatl hunting, looking at its historical significance, the art and technique of using an atlatl, and its revival in modern times. The Ohio Atlatl Association will be hosting atlatl demonstrations and contests throughout the weekend. Hunter started with Atlatl Advisers in 2022 as a Wealth Adviser. Evolution and Adaptation of Atlatl Technology Over time, atlatl designs evolved and adapted to different hunting environments and prey species. During the Late Archaic Tradition, a new hunting technique -- the use of an atlatl or spear thrower -- was developed. Time spent honing shooting skills, readying equipment and scouting the land for game are enjoyable pastimes and can pay off when the season opens. Conservation: Using ancient techniques like atlatl hunting can be a sustainable and eco-friendly way to harvest game. Crafted from natural materials, this ancient weapon offers a unique and effective way to pursue game. Fortunately, these conservation areas have very little hunting pressure during archery season. Under ac-celeration by the atlatl, the dart flexes and compresses like a spring. So I was limited to hunting on a game farm in Door County, established by Jeff Kiehnau. Bernal Diaz’s ac… May 9, 2023 · On the Hunt is a well-written and comprehensive history of deer hunting in Wisconsin. gov. Jan 31, 2023 · Are you curious about bow hunting during the Wisconsin gun season? Get the scoop on the regulations, laws, and restrictions before your next hunt! We'll provide you with information on the season dates, areas where bow hunting is allowed, and tips on how to stay safe in the woods. Condition is "New". The atlatl is basically a stick with a hook on one end to hold a dart and a handle on the other end that is grasped by the thrower. Demonstrations and workshops on flint knapping, Woodland pottery, and other crafts and skills. It was a challenge to set up a course that provided realistic hunting conditions and room for an ISAC on a half-acre of land. Jun 15, 2024 · The Ancient Art of Atlatl Hunting: A Modern Resurgence in Missouri In the heart of the Midwest, a primitive hunting tool, the atlatl, has found new life among Missouri’s hunting enthusiasts. These are perfect for learning the mechanics of the atlatl, hunting small game, but a bare minimum for hunting deer sized game (with a metal broadhead). And Wisconsin/Minnesota And Wisconsin/Iowa Boundary Waters: It is unlawful for any person to use a spear, bow and arrow, crossbow, atlatl or similar device in any manner at any time to take, catch or kill any gamefish of any variety (except for catfish; see catfish bow and hand fishing regulations below) or to have in possession or under control Thunderbird Atlatl will be at the annual Flint Festival and Knapin at the Coshocton County Fairgrounds in Coshocton, Ohio. In Wisconsin, the atlatl is not yet recognized as an effective hunting tool. Jan 23, 2014 · An Atlatl is a spear-chucking device traditionally used for hunting or combat purposes It was developed in pre-history by many different societies. Discover how to make (and throw) this primitive device. There will be a variety of vendors and demonstrations. thunderbirdatlatl. Pettigrew and Justin Garnett In The Atlatl, volume 28, number 2, pages 1-5 April 2015 White Dog Cave, location in space, time, and history It was the early 20th century, and the Southwest artifact mining boom was in full swing. Fun, challenging, and legal for hunting in some states, the Atlatl is certain to add something extra to your traditional experience. If you live in a place where atlatl hunting is illegal, contact your local state legislature and voice your support for legalizing atlatl hunting and fishing. Hunter received her degree in Finance and Economics from University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire. Check out everything atlatl at 3Rivers Archery! Oct 17, 2024 · Atlatl Madness is your go-to source for handcrafted Atlatls and Atlatl Darts. This guide offers a detailed look at the Wisconsin hunting seasons for 2024-2025, regulations regarding hunting licenses and permits, and other key hunting rules and regulations. 2025 Season Dates http://www. Apr 21, 2025 · Artifact Gallery - Atlatl An atlatl (pronounced At-uhl at-uhl or At-lat-uhl), or spear thrower, was used for hunting before it was replaced by the bow and arrow during the Basketmaker III period (500 to 750 CE). The atlatl is a hand-held spear thrower, launching long flexible darts from its spur. Oct 9, 2011 · This is an educational website dedicated to the indigenous forms of atlatl of the Americas. C. This new piece of equipment equipped with a long wooden shaft enabled the spear thrower to increase the force and throwing range of spears in hunting. He makes different styles and sizes of atlatls. Mar 21, 2016 · The atlatl has been used for centuries by indigenous tribes, but in a survival situation, it is an excellent hunting tool that anyone can make. 1K Members Old Copper Complex and Ancient Waterways America North Ohtwo1d We know meso american cultures made copper and bronze hooks for their spear throwers/ atlatl. It's a wonderful thing and I grew up with it. Some have theorized that the atlatl was directly responsible for the extincion of the woolly mammoth in North America. Len also was able to get the first stage of a new provision for atlatl hunting in Wisconsin by presenting it to the DNR. Resembling a long-handled shoehorn, an atlatl (pronounced at’ lat-tuhl) is a prehistoric, hand-held weapon used to hurl a 6-foot long spear, called a dart, at a target. The atlatl was a hand piece that extended the hunter's arm. It passed unanimously. tombstonecreekoutfitting. E. The sport of atlatl throwing is based on the ancient hunting technique of using the atlatl or spear thrower. There are many subtleties in production methods, measurement systems, burial customs, hunting strategy, etc. Most people think the atlatls were a weapon of luck and little accuracy. Mar 28, 2024 · Yes! Visit our Hunting & Fishing Page for more information. Atlatls vs Bow 'n Arrow While many modern Americans would identify the bow and arrow as the classic weapon/hunting system of historic/ancient Native Americans, in Wisconsin the bow appears on the The mechanical foundation of atlatl technology is the flexible dart. HuntPrimitive Hunter Atlatl sets are made from natural materials and meant for big game hunting. What is an Atlatl? An ancient ranged weapon predating the bow and arrow, the atlatl is a spear-throwing device thought to have been used in hunting all sorts of now-extinct behemoths, including the Woolly Mammoth. state what) Learn how to make an atlatl - an ancient survival projectile weapon for hunting and sport that pre-dates the bow & arrow. I hit the woods for a quick evening sit and get a big surprise headed my way! Enjoy! Get my Atlatl Here: https://www. Atlatls consist of a “dart”, a spear with large fletchings at the rear, launched off a “hammer” stick that extends the leverage of the throwing arm. Mar 5, 2025 · Having a clear understanding of Wisconsin’s hunting calendar, rules, and regulations is essential for a successful and enjoyable hunting season. Bow and arrow is a late arrival Although I, and probably most Municipalities could hire a few professional atlatlists or issue special atlatl permits or simply open the town to atlatl hunting and encourage Scouts to make atlatls and sell them door to door for general household use. Season Dates, Regulations and Hours Nationally recognized as one of the country's premier states for hunting white-tailed deer, Wisconsin has both an abundant herd and a reputation for producing some of the largest bucks in the world. We had 14 attendants, 12 competitors, Six of the competitors were World Atlatl members. Highlights For The Wisconsin Affiliated Spear-Throwers 2016 e atlatl in 2016. Some atlatls feature nocks with sharp points while others have bowl-shaped nocks for easier grasp. It was a cornerstone of their hunting and cultural practices. The one I used is a very flexible thrower made of purple heart wood. ABOUT OUR PRODUCTS Which atlatl is right for me? Check out this video: What the heck is an Atlatl? An Atlatl is hunting weapon used to propel a spear or dart with great force and accuracy. 1. Pretty cool to think that prehistoric man used an atlatl and spear or "dart" to kill woolly mammoths and sabre tooth tigers. Thunderbird Atlatl makes a wide variety of different atlatls. Rather than relying on hunting large games as their main source of nourishment, they focused more on gathering vegetable foods, fishing, and hunting and trapping small woodland animals. , which could ultimately be inferred though careful analysis of atlatl artifacts. There is so much good information hidden within these videos, if you are into the atlatl, I highly recommend watching all of these as time allows. It’s deceptively complex, and in trained hands can be a most lethal weapon. Feb 25, 2019 · Here you can find a brief history about Atlatl, the history of this ancient spear throwing device and how it's used today. River cane shafts, replaceable forshafts. Kathleen Thomas and 342 others 343 13 20 Ancestral Puebloans used Atlatl for hunting near Chinle, AZ, and the post sparks a discussion about ancient ways of life and the meaning of petroglyphs Have you ever heard of the Atlatl? It's an ancient weapon that goes back thousands of years. Not only will this site provide rules, it also provides locations for hunting on thousands of acres of conservation lands throughout the state. Also, the introduction of the bow and arrow around 1200 years ago generally replaced the atlatl. Carbon Express ATLATL 6' Carbon Fiber Hunting Darts (2 pack) - 55205. We’re working to turn our passion for Blog into a booming online website Sep 17, 2025 · Venture into the realm of primitive hunting with a homemade wilderness atlatl. It is possible to throw a dart with a level atlatl, and Vanderhoek (1998) thinks a level atlatl is used for short accuracy shots, and a full rotating atlatl for distance throws. The FAQs: Special Edition - Fall Hunt is a periodic feature. our event was held on Saturday afternoon. Sep 28, 2024 · These results suggest that Paleolithic hunting with an atlatl in certain contexts likely came with consequential, and previously undocumented, opportunity costs. Find out how fun and easy this primitive sport can be to get involved. Thunderbird Atlatlis the world's largest atlatl manufacturer. The knap-in is a three day event. Learn more about this spear-throwing tool that gave people the ability to bring down large game from safe distances. Feb 20, 2024 · Does Texas allow the use of atlatl for hunting? Yes, Texas does allow the use of atlatl for hunting certain game animals, such as deer and turkey. The American Southwest group Christopher RzOct 13 Panel depicting what appears to be the use of the versatile Atlatl for hunting by ancestral Puebloans, near Chinle, AZ. Atlatl Weights, Function and Classification by Bob Perkins Benefits of Atlatl Weights by Robert Berg Atlatl Weights by Robert Berg Antler Atlatl Weights Flexible Atlatls and Weights by John Palter Wisconsin Slate by David Stilp Atlatl Associations International Atlatl Society World Atlatl Association Michigan Atlatl Association California In Wisconsin, the atlatl is not yet recognized as an effective hunting tool. However, has anyone here hunted with an atlatl? If so, feel free to show me your harvests and what kind of rig you use! I'm starting to learn how to throw one for fun and I'd love to see them being used . What is the purpose of a rest on an atlatl? How do I find out about atlatl events and contests? Visit our Events Page to find out which atlatl events Thunderbird Atlatl will be attending in the coming year. It is that rare treat, a factual, scholarly history combined with numerous anecdotal accounts and local Jul 4, 2005 · Various hunting and fishing expeditions to these places in the spirit of rediscovering atlatl hunting and fishing techniques have proven the effectiveness of the atlatl in these sports. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Primitive hunting tips, tricks, and how […] Mar 13, 2018 · Learn how to make and accurately throw atlatl darts. Located in the rural town of Marceline, Missouri, our small, family-run business takes pride in using the best quality woods to create our products. Hunting continued to be the prime source of food for these cultures, although corn agriculture was introduced about 1000 years ago. In the spring of this year, two of us held an atlatl clinic at a school for fifth throug eighth grad-ers. So says the narrator of the Weapon Masters video below, in which the physics of … Oct 30, 2024 · Mastering the Atlatl: Understanding Effective Hunting Range and Accuracy The effective hunting range for an atlatl, a prehistoric spear-thrower, typically falls between 20 and 40 meters (65-130 feet), though skilled practitioners can achieve greater distances under ideal conditions. There will be an auction on Saturday and a In Wisconsin, the atlatl is not yet recognized as an effective hunting tool. Depending on the size of the animal and the distance to the target, the hunting and target range is 10 to 30 yards. Oct 25, 2023 · Primitive Skills: Atlatl hunting allows individuals to connect with their primal hunting instincts and experience the thrill of hunting like our ancestors. Although the 2024 nine-day gun deer season has ended, several harvest options remain through late fall and early winter. Plus, find out what hunters can do to ensure a successful hunt! Apr 30, 2025 · The atlatl played a key role in the shaping of Native American societies and their relationship with their environment. For those interested in hunting with an atlatl, it is also very good practice to throw at various unmarked Aug 5, 2023 · Atlatl hunting, in essence, is a method of hunting that utilizes a primitive weapon called an atlatl for propelling spears at great distances. For big game hunting, I highly recommend the HuntPrimitive Hunter Atlatl with removable foreshafts. We also have members in the top 10 of each ISAC category! Doug Miller-Men, Jill Riddle-Women and Nate Miller-Youth. He gave permission to use it on our site. All of these atlatls w… Mar 25, 2025 · Before the bow there was the atlatl, a hunting and survival tool with primitive origins. Atlatls were effective weapons in hunting large animals as well as fishes. May 18, 2008 · Bowhunting - atlatl - If they had a one to two week pre hunting season that you could only use an atlatl would you use one ? or not (maybe to primative or something else . The thrower holds the atlatl in one hand, places one’s fingers (middle, ring, and pinkie) around the atlatl, and places the other two fingers (index and thumb) on the spear (dart) holding it secure. Atl-atls wer Thousands of years ago, prehistoric people began to hunt with a revolutionary new tool called an atlatl. MDC made atlatls legal to use for hunting in 2010. From wood selection to design tips, discover the secrets to fashioning your very own atlatl and embark on an unforgettable hunting experience. Once an area is selected, use Google Apr 20, 2020 · The atlatl was an integral part of the pre-contact Native American worldview, and deserves to be understood as well as possible. com/ Atlatl hunting is a tough as it gets! Watch as Jim Clement takes his 2nd deer over the past 3 years at Tombstone Creek Outfitting with this ancient weapon! Dec 4, 2018 · Atlatls and Darts of White Dog Cave, Arizona By Devin B. These tools first appeared in the western hemisphere approximately 13,000 years ago (11,000 B. Seven of us traveled to Meadow Croft in June for the W Nov 21, 2013 · Warden Wire: FAQs - Special Edition (#7) Fall Hunt (bow hunt, shining, rifles, landowners, more) November 21, 2013 Welcome to the Warden Wire feature launched during last year's gun-deer season -- the special edition series of Frequently Asked Questions dealing specifically with hunting. Our history in North America was greatly affected by the Native Central Americans’ use of the atlatl. Hunters can look up their appropriate hunting hours below: 2025 Northern Shooting Hours [PDF] - For the deer, bear, small game and fall turkey seasons. Below you’ll find all of our spear-throwers and darts, and an explanation of their unique characteristics. A simple atlatl “hammer Dec 18, 2020 · “Deer hunting with an atlatl is the most heartbreaking thing that you can do,” David says. Understanding regulations requires examining federal, state, and local laws, as permissibility varies significantly by location and intended use. A spear thrower, also commonly called an atlatl is a device used to enhance the speed of a spear, javelin, or dart. Mar 25, 2015 · Then perhaps you should consider the atlatl. All things Primitive Archery, Hunting, Flint Knapping Supplies, and so much more! Home of the Bison Hunters and Scary Sharp Stone Hunting points! We are fiduciary, fee-only financial advisers providing multi-generational comprehensive wealth management and financial planning located in Madison, WI. Many primitive skills enthusiasts and bushcrafters have a genuine interest in the atlatl. Rather than directly using a spear, Aztecs threw it with an atlatl during hunting because not only it increased the force of the throw, it also helped them target the hunted animal more accurately, adding precision to the throw. What is an atlatl? An atlatl is a tool used for throwing spears or darts with greater force and accuracy than by hand alone. View and print 2025 Season Dates and Application Deadlines [PDF]. Impressive when successful? Of course. Wooden spear throwers were used to increase the force and throwing range of spears in hunting. Other unique atlatls, like Broken Roof Cave’s shown here, even boast unique nocks such as one made out of marsupial teeth! The first step for atlatl hunting in Missouri is to research the hunting rules and regulations on-line at mdc. 2 Why Enter an Archery 3-D Tournament with an Atlatl? Aside from being fun, entering archery 3-D shoots with an atlatl is a great way to spread the word about atlatls, and to entice new members to our sport (it’s easy to win archers over to the atlatl - they are pre-disposed to it!). Accuracy significantly decreases beyond this range, making ethical and successful hunting increasingly Nov 29, 2003 · The word “atlatl” is the Aztec word for spear thrower. What Is Atlatl Hunting? Atlatl hunting dates back to prehistoric Mar 26, 2011 · Here archaeologists found an atlatl point embedded in a mammoth bone, clear evidence that Indian people were hunting these giant creatures thousands of years ago. Smart? Not so much. This video is a breakdown of how Professional Primitive Builder & Hunter, Ryan Gill, throws for both accuracy and power when hunting with the Atlatl. Bonds with family and friends strengthen during the hunting seasons as old traditions continue and new ones begin. We held nine separate events, with seventeen opportunities for throwing an ISAC during 2016. May 13, 2025 · Tool Shapers Archeologists dubbed those who lived in the Archaic period as Tool Shapers, these individuals were efficient and diversified in their everyday life. Mar 9, 2001 · The atlatl I choose to use was made by Victor Ahearn of Michigan. The Early basics of throwing the atlatl click here Advanced tutorial on […] May 15, 1999 · Many Atlatl enthusiasts are lobbying their state governments to legalize atlatl hunting and fishing just like bow and firearm hunting is allowed. Likewise, the atlatl, a device used to throw darts and arrows, was invented by humans later than the bow and arrow, about 20,000 years ago. mo. Mar 16, 2022 · Over the years the climate became warmer and the way of life of the population changed. Shipped with USPS Priority Mail. The atlatl or spear-thrower is an ancient weapon used by man for tens of thousands of years. We’re dedicated to providing you the best of Blog, with a focus on Dining, Travel Destinations, Events, Outdoors, Powersports, Sports. 2 days ago · Master fall deer hunting with an atlatl! Expert tips on gear selection, scouting, 40-yard accuracy, and ethical harvesting. This ancient technology showcases the ingenuity and adaptability of Native American societies #ethnic_qarsherskiyan #creole #mixed #mixed_race #qarsherskiy #qarsherskiyan #triracial #triracial_isolate #mixedrace Most atlatls feature a nock, which is a flat piece placed at the tip of the dart to guide it during throwing. Atlatls can also be used to hunt small game, such as rabbits, squirrels, mice, voles, and other small mammals. We are two archaeologists whose purpose is not to sell wares, but to provide free information about an ancient hunting tool. Simply by adding length to the arm, a 6 ounce dart (5 times heavier than the average arrow) can be thrown at speeds varying from 65 to 100 miles per hour! A common question people ask is, "How far can I throw a dart Mar 28, 2024 · Atlatls have been used for fishing and hunting for thousands of years. ), and revolutionized hunting practices for indigenous peoples (Hirst, “The Atlatl”). They are most effective when used in conjunction with a bow and arrow. Old Copper Complex and Ancient Waterways America | We know meso Public group 7. Oct 6, 2023 · Atl-atls are one of the most important technological breakthroughs for ancient hunters of the Americas. The atlatl is one of the oldest weapons still used in modern hunting today, in many places predating even the most primitive of bows. Deer Bear Migratory Birds Falconry Turkey Small Game Other Game Birds Furbearers In the months leading up to the various Wisconsin seasons, hunters across the state anxiously await their favorite time of year. Nov 17, 2021 · There are also numerous reports from the atlatl hunting community of deer, boar and fish being taken with atlatls. Outside of the office, she is passionate about outdoor activities including hiking, fishing, and hunting as well as fostering dogs and spending time with family. Feb 4, 2012 · Furthermore, the ability of the runner to carry atlatl equipment in hand over long distances will be tested, perhaps leading to consideration of certain design aspects of ancient hunting tackle. At left, a hunter hurls a dart from atlatl (drawing by Ken Brown, TARL); center, atlatl handle fragment (Peabody Museum, Harvard University); right, pointed foreshafts from Ceremonial Cave (TARL Collections); bottom, atlatl replica (Peabody Museum, Harvard University). com/shomore Often times referred to as the Buffalo, the American Bison is the descendant of the prehistoric Bison Antiquuis and was hunting with primitive atlatl and stone projectiles in many ways, one of Anybody do any hunting with atlatls? Hey, everyone! Now, I know a lot of folks love bowhunting. Hunting and fishing atlatl gear has been developed and tested that has proven to be effective for harvesting big game, small game, and rough fish. The atlatl’s simplicity masks its effectiveness, and in a survival situation, this is an item that can save your life by giving you the ability to create a useful hunting and defense tool. These are not in the original packaging but have never been used. This throwing "stick" is an extension of the users arm. ID#: 37182689 Location: Monroe, WI How To Make An ATLATL Spear Thrower #atlatl #spear #survival #survivalskills #spearthrower #stoneage Mountain Men: Tom Crafts an Ancient Hunting Weapon (Season 9) | History The Links below are videos relevant to increasing your success and efficiency in Primitive hunting with either the bow and arrow or atlatl. Atlatls pre-date the bow and arrow and were used to hunt everything from frogs to wooly mammoths. Sometime in the 1,000 to 3,000 BC era, the use of a spear thrower (atlatl) was developed. Hunting hours differ depending on the time of year and location (northern or southern half of the state, as well as latitude). Hunters have several opportunities this fall. This ancient device, predating even the bow and arrow, has become a symbol of skill and tradition for many hunters in the Show-Me Feb 25, 2025 · What do hunters need to know for successful Wisconsin hunting seasons? This guide from HuntWise talks about season dates, licenses, bag limits, and more! Dec 11, 2024 · Totaly Wisconsin is a Professional Blog Platform. We will be on-site all day Saturday. Hunters may use unfilled antlerless harvest An atlatl dart has the same penetrating power as an arrow shot from a longbow. Its historical nature leads many to wonder how it fits into modern legal frameworks. In modern times, people have hunted deer, bear, wild boar, caribou, moose, alligators, and all kinds of fish with atlatls. ei2qgjtmkvdl63r3mqvwopwzbfj9mvut6wofrugj